Confederate Congress adjourns; Lee, others made full general

• In Washington, the Asst. Sec. of Navy Gustavus V. Fox and Gen. Benjamin Butler awaken President Lincoln late at night to inform him of the capture of Forts Hatteras and Clark, in North Carolina./1861
• In Richmond, Virginia, the Third Session of the Provisional Confederate Congress adjourns after approving the promotions of Samuel Cooper, Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston, Joseph E. Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard to full general in the Confederate Army./1861 
• The C.S.S. Teaser shells Union Camp Butler on Newport News Point, Virginia./1861 
• The USS George Peabody, commanded Lieutenant Lowry, captures the brig Henry C. Brooks in Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina. /1861 
• The USS Jamestown under Commander Green, captures the British blockade running schooner Aigburth off the Florida coast./1861

• A skirmish occurs at Munson's Hill, Virginia./1861

Related articles

• Why does no one remember Samuel Cooper? (michaelchardy.blogspot.com)
• Hatteras Expedition departs, CS win at Kessler's Cross Lanes (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)

Fremont declares martial law, confiscations in Missouri

• General John Fremont declares a dictatorial martial law across the state of Missouri. The unauthorized act provides for confiscation of all property belonging to "those who shall take up arms against the United States," with his intention to shoot any of them who are convicted by military court-martial. Fremont also declares that "slaves . . . are hereby declared free men." In defense of this unpopular move, Fremont says Missouri is a victim of "helplessness of civil authority and total insecurity of life." This Missouri Emancipation Proclamation is later revoked by President Lincoln. /1861
• The Confederate tug Harmony attacks the USS Savannah under Captain Joseph B. Hull at Newport News, Virginia, inflicting damage before withdrawing./1861
• Skirmishing continues at Bailey's Corners, Virginia./1861

Related articles

• Martial law declared in St. Louis (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• The West: Reconnaissance, reinforcements, and reconfigurations (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• This Week in the Civil War (seattletimes.nwsource.com)
• Feds try to stop Johnston's movement toward Manassas (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• This Week in the Civil War (seattletimes.nwsource.com)

Hatteras' Fort Clark, NC, falls

Bombardment of Forts Hatteras and Clark

• Today, while under fire, the United States Expeditionary Force under command of Ben Butler and Silas Stringham lands on Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, with wet powder. While eight US Navy warships heavily bombard Forts Clark and Hatteras, the 900 Union troops come ashore to attack the rear of the Confederate batteries. Confederates unsuccessfully attempt to prevent the Federal attack and abandon Fort Clark under the heavy bombardment. The ships’ heavy cannonade forces the Confederates to evacuate Fort Clark. Commodore Samuel Baron, CSN, with two small vessels joined the defenders that evening. The Federals take abandoned Fort Clark with no resistance and begin firing on Confederate-held Fort Hatteras./1861
• Union Commander Dahlgren, Commandant of the Washington Navy Yard, sends 400 seamen on steamboat Philadelphia to Alexandria, Virginia, to report to Brigadier General William B. Franklin for the defense of Fort Ellsworth. This timely naval reinforcement strengthens the fort’s defenses and consequently that of the nation’s capital. /1861 
• The USS Yankee, commanded by Cdr. T.T. Craven, captures the schooner Remittance near Piney Point, Virginia./1861

• The United States War Department gives Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant the command of Union troops in southeastern Missouri and southern Illinois./1861 
• Skirmishes occur in Missouri at Ball's Mills and Lexington, in Virginia at Bailey's Cross Roads and Bailey's Corners, and in Western Virginia at Gauley Bridge./1861

Related articles

• Hatteras Expedition departs, CS win at Kessler's Cross Lanes (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• Surprised and Routed at Carnifex Ferry; To Hatteras! (civilwardailygazette.com)
• Floyd Hopes to Ditch Wise; Benjamin Butler Doesn't Plan an Attack (civilwardailygazette.com)

Hatteras Inlet, NC: Expedition arrives

• The Outer Banks of North Carolina are a series of long, narrow islands that separate Pamlico Sound from the Atlantic Ocean, and Hatteras Inlet is the only deep-water passage connecting the two. In the first months of the war, the Outer Banks have provided perfect conditions for surreptitious Confederate blockade runners and raiders. From a vantage point atop the Hatteras lighthouse, Confederate privateers can see the Gulf Stream which Northern ships use to increase speed traveling to Northern ports. Privateers lay in wait until ships appear on the horizon and then overhaul them. Northern insurance adjusters have put pressure on the Lincoln Administration’s War Department to do something about the losses. During the summer of 1861, the CSS Winslow has wreaked havoc on Union shipping off North Carolina, and Federal naval and army officials combined forces to bring the area under control. To protect Hatteras Inlet, the Confederates have built two fortresses of sand and wood, garrisoned with 350 soldiers. Today the United States Expeditionary Force under command of General Benjamin Butler and Flag Officer Silas Stringham which left Hampton Roads, Virginia, yesterday, arrives off Cape Hatteras in view of Forts Hatteras and Clark with preparation for battle in the morning./1861
• Skirmishes occur at Antietam Iron Works, Maryland, and in Virginia at Ball’s Cross Roads and Bailey's Cross Roads./1861

Hatteras Expedition departs, Battle at Kessler's Cross Lanes

Hatteras Expedition leaves Hampton Roads

• Skirmishing breaks out at Wayne Court House, Blue's House, and Cross Lanes, western Virginia/1861 
• From his throne in Hawaii, King Kamehameha IV proclaims the neutrality of the Hawaiian Islands in the War./1861 
• In Western Virginia, Brigadier General John Floyd, commanding Confederate forces in the Kanawha Valley, crosses the Gauley River and attacks Col. Erastus Tyler's 7th Ohio Regiment encamped at Kessler's Cross Lanes. The Union forces are surprised and routed with 245 casualties. Confederate losses are 40. Floyd then withdraws to the river and takes up a defensive position at Carnifex Ferry./1861 
• Hampton Roads, Virginia, is the scene of the disembarkation of the first Federal expeditionary fleet from Fortress Monroe. Its mission is to attack and capture Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, a haven for blockade runners. The amphibious force, composed of eight vessels and 900 New York troops, is commanded jointly by Flag Officer Silas Stringham and General Benjamin Butler. This joint Army-Navy operation has 500 men from the German-speaking 20th New York Volunteers, 220 from the 9th New York Volunteers, 100 from an Army unit calling themselves Union Coast Guard (actually the 99th New York Volunteers), and 20 army regulars from the 2nd U.S. Artillery on board the USS Adelaide and USS George Peabody. Stringham’s naval assault includes the USS Minnesota, Cumberland, Susquehanna, Wabash, Pawnee, Monticello, the US Revenue Service cutter Harriet Lane (used at Fort Sumter), and the tug Fanny, needed to tow some of the landing craft. Hatteras Inlet was the most important of the four inlets deep enough for ocean-going vessels, so North Carolina has constructed two forts there, named Fort Hatteras and Fort Clark. Fort Hatteras is on the sound side of Hatteras Island. Fort Clark is a half a mile southeast, nearer to the Atlantic Ocean, but neither are strong. Fort Hatteras has only ten mounted guns, with five more unmounted within the fort. Fort Clark has only five. Most of them are inadequate for coastal defense, only relatively light 32-pounders or smaller and of limited range. Worse is the scant numbers of soldiers. North Carolina raised and equipped 22 infantry regiments at the beginning of the war, but 16 of these are defending Virginia. The 6 regiments left are deployed to defend the entire North Carolina coastline. Only a few companies of the 7th North Carolina Volunteers occupy both forts at Hatteras Inlet. Other coastal forts are in similar weak shape. Less than 1,000 men garrison Forts Ocracoke, Hatteras, Clark, and Oregon, and reinforcements are as far away as Beaufort. Unbelievably, North Carolina militia authorities did not keep the sad state of their coastal defenses a secret and allowed captured and shipwrecked Yankee sea captains and others free access to the forts and their environs. At least two have provided valuable full descriptions to the US Navy Department./1861 
• Union Captain A.H. Foote is ordered by the War Department in Washington to relieve Commander J. Rodgers in command of the Army’s gunboat flotilla on the Western rivers./1861
• The US tug Fanny under Lieutenant Crosby reports the capture of the blockade runner sloop Mary Emma at the headwaters of the Manokin River, Maryland./1861 
•  The USS Daylight under Commander Lockwood recaptures the brig Monticello in the Rappahannock River, Virginia./1861

Related articles

• Floyd Hopes to Ditch Wise; Benjamin Butler Doesn't Plan an Attack (civilwardailygazette.com)

Rose O'Neal Greenhow placed under house arrest

Image via Wikipedia

Rose O'Neal Greenhow

• In Washington, D.C., Allen Pinkerton, leading the new US secret service, places Confederate spy Rose O'Neal Greenhow under house arrest. A wealthy Washington widow at the outbreak of the war, Greenhow is well connected in the capital and especially close to Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts. Openly committed to the Southern cause, Greenhow has formed a reliable spy network for the Confederacy. Her operatives had provided key information to General Pierre G. T. Beauregard about Union General Irwin McDowell's troop deployments before First Manassas in July, prompting Beauregard to request additional troops and win a decisive victory. The Federals quickly tracked down the leaks in Washington, and Pinkerton today places Greenhow under house arrest and will soon confine other suspected women in her home. But Greenhow would be undeterred in funneling information to the Confederates from visitors, including Senator Wilson. In frustration Pinkerton in early 1862 would confine Greenhow and her daughter to the Old Capitol Prison for five months, later exiling her and her daughter, "Little Rose," to the South in June 1862. Greenhow would later travel to England and France encouraging support for the Southern cause, writing her memoirs while abroad. Returning to the Confederacy in September 1864, Greenhow’s ship would run aground off the North Carolina coast as a Union war vessel chased it. Greenhow would drown when her lifeboat capsized, weighed down by a large load of gold./1861
• The USS Release and Yankee engage Confederate batteries at the mouth of Potomac Creek, Virginia./1861
• Skirmish occurs at Medoc, Missouri./1861
• Fort Craig, New Mexico Territory, is abandoned by Federal forces after a skirmish./1861
• Forces skirmish at Springfield, Western Virginia./1861

Related articles

• July 29, 1861: P.G.T. Beauregard to William Porcher Miles (civilwar-online.com)

Blockade runner caught off Charleston, SC

Image via Wikipedia

Brig. Gen. Roswell Ripley

• At Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate War Department assigns Brigadier General Roswell S. Ripley, an Ohio native who spent his childhood in New York, to command the Department of South Carolina and Brigadier General John B. Grayson to command the Department of Middle and East Florida./1861
• The Second Wheeling Convention adjourns./1861
• The USS Vandalia under Commander Samuel Phelps Lee captures the Confederate blockade runner Henry Middleton off Charleston, South Carolina, with a cargo of spirits, turpentine, and rosin./1861

Related articles

• July 28, 1861: The USS St. Lawrence sinks Confederate privateer Petrel (civilwar-online.com)

State of Kanawha proposed; New CS diplomats approved

• The pro-Union Second Wheeling Convention, the group of thirty-nine western Virginia counties which have seceded from the Commonwealth of Virginia, calls for the creation of the state of Kanawha. /1861
• President Jefferson Davis approves the addition of Confederate commissioners to Europe. Everyone hopes that an eloquent commissioner like Benjamin Franklin can acquire needed arms, supplies, and recognition from Great Britain, France, and Spain/1861
• Pro-Southern and Pro-Northern forces in Missouri battle it out at Jonesboro which follows a similar clash several days earlier at Klapsford. /1861
• US Major-General George B. McClellan assumes command of the newly organized Department of the Potomac, replacing the Departments of Northeastern Virginia, Washington, and the Shenandoah./1861

Related articles

• June 6, 1861: McClellan takes command of Missouri (gathkinsons.net)
• August 18, 1861: George B. McClellan takes control of the Department of the Potomac (civilwar-online.com)
• June 21, 1861: McClellan heads for St. Louis (gathkinsons.net)
• Day of Prayer in Confederacy; Skirmish at Romney, Va. (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)

Spies in White House; Privateer Jefferson Davis wrecks

Image via Wikipedia

St. Augustine, Florida, waterfront in 1860s

• In Washington, President Lincoln receives a warning from Marshal Ward Lamon, in Philadelphia that too many eavesdroppers and traitors lurk about the White House. He urges that security measures be tightened, and a detective employed./1861
• Skirmishes at Pohick Creek, Virginia, and Sandy Hook, Maryland./1861
• Near St. Augustine, Florida, the Confederate privateer Jefferson Davis, commanded by Captain Coxetter, wrecks on the bar trying to enter St. Augustine, ending a very successful cruise. The Charleston Mercury (26 August 1861) writes: “The name of the privateer Jefferson Davis has become a word of terror to the Yankees. The number of her prizes and the amount of merchandise which she captured have no parallel since the days of the Saucy Jack [1812 privateer]."/1861

Related articles

• Lyon withdraws from Dug Springs, MO; Alvarado burned (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)

The West: Reconnaissance, reinforcements, and reconfigurations

Image via Wikipedia

USS Tyler

• In Richmond, Virginia, President Jefferson Davis orders all Northern men to leave the South in forty days./1861

• On the Mississippi River in Missouri, the USS Tyler and Conestoga under Lieutenant S.L. Phelps scouts the river for Confederate fortifications and movements as far south as New Madrid, Missouri, while Lieutenant Roger N. Stembel of the USS Lexington, operating with the US Army, reconnoiters the river north to Cape Girardeau, Missouri./1861

• At Mathias Point, Virginia, the USS Resolute, under command of Acting Master W. Budd, engages Confederate troops in land batteries while on a reconnaissance mission./1861

• The US Department of Kentucky and the Department of the Cumberland are combined under General Robert Anderson, the Union’s tragic hero of Fort Sumter. The new Department of the Cumberland encompasses both Kentucky and Tennessee, violating Kentucky’s neutrality and laying claim to another state which has allied with the Confederacy. Anderson’s department headquarters situated in Cincinnati, Ohio, demonstrates its geographical fiction and Lincoln's invasive intentions./1861

• In Washington, while President Lincoln directs new reinforcements be sent to subdue Missouri and forcibly hold her in the Union, he anxiously works on the volatile situation in Missouri by telegraph. He telegraphs Gen. John Fremont, commanding the Department of the West at Saint Louis: "Been answering your messages ever since day before yesterday. Do you receive the answers? The War Department has notified all the governors you designate to forward all available force. So telegraphed you. Have you received these messages? Answer immediately." Then he telegraphs Governor Morton of Indiana: "Start your four regiments to Saint Louis at the earliest moment possible. . . . hasten everything forward as soon as any one regiment is ready. . . . We shall endeavor to send you the arms this week."/1861

Related articles

• Lincoln sets day of prayer, makes recess appointment (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• August 8, 1861: Jefferson Davis on "Alien Enemies" (gathkinsons.net)
• First Battle of Mesilla, Arizona (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)

Rumors of Davis-Beauregard breach

Pres. Davis

Gen. Beauregard

• In Richmond, Virginia, persistent rumors are being whispered of a growing breach in the relationship between President Jefferson Davis and General P.G.T. Beauregard. Clearly, Beauregard’s personal pride and Davis’ thin skin have not mixed well, but the personal problems could create big problems for the strategic future of the Confederacy. Jewish Attorney General Judah P. Benjamin, a close friend of the President’s, seems to have taken Davis’ side as well. The rumors say that after the brilliant victory at Manassas, that Beauregard wanted desperately to invade Maryland, surround the District of Columbia, and finish the work of independence quickly by forcing a treaty of peace. Davis, holding to the principle of self defense, refused Beauregard’s plan. Days or even a few weeks following the battle, a relatively Southern small force could have taken Washington, but whether Beauregard’s intelligence knew in time is now irrelevant since that window of opportunity has now passed./1861

• Near Cape Fear, North Carolina the USS Penguin under Commander John L. Livingston pursues the blockade runner Louisa, which strikes a shoal and sinks./1861

Related articles

• August 11, 1861: "something like a rupture has occurred . . ." (civilwar-online.com)
• August 4, 1861: Jefferson Davis to P.G.T. Beauregard (civilwar-online.com)
• August 10, 1861: P.G.T. Beauregard to Jefferson Davis (civilwar-online.com)
• July 29, 1861: P.G.T. Beauregard to William Porcher Miles (civilwar-online.com)
• August 5, 1861: P.G.T. Beauregard to First Myers (civilwar-online.com)
• August 5, 1861: The Diary of Mary Boykin Chesnut (civilwar-online.com)

Davis calls for 400,000 volunteers to defend the South

Image via Wikipedia
• In Richmond, President Jefferson Davis calls for 400,000 volunteers to defend their homes in the Confederacy./1861
• At Washington, US Secretary of War Simon Cameron replies to another of General Benjamin Butler’s queries about making runaway slaves contraband. Cameron tells Butler that Union troops must adhere to fugitive slave laws, but only within Union territory. All states in insurrection are exempt from the protection and escaped slaves in those areas will not be returned to their owners but become property of the US government./1861
• In the Gulf of Mexico, the USS Santee, commanded by Captain Eagle, captures the blockade runner schooner C.P. Knapp./1861
• Brig. Gen. U. S. Grant assumes command of the district of Ironton, Missouri./1861
• At a public dinner and serenade in Baltimore, Maryland, in honor of John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky, his attempt to address the people is prevented by the rioting of Unionists./1861

Related articles

• Butler: "Make the runaways contraband" (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• Escaped Slaves are Not Free; Gathering Rebels in Missouri (civilwardailygazette.com)
• August 8, 1861: Jefferson Davis on "Alien Enemies" (gathkinsons.net)
• August 6, 1861: Lincoln signs the Confiscation Act of 1861 (civilwar-online.com)
• Lincoln, Congress make runaway slaves US property (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)

Confederate troops burn Hampton, Virginia

Image via Wikipedia

USS Cairo

• Confederate troops burn Hampton, Virginia, where Fortress Monroe is located with US General Benjamin Butler in command. General John Bankhead Magruder indicates that Butler’s quartering of runaway slaves and advocacy that they be made contraband is part of the reason for burning the town./1861 
• In Washington, the US War Department, trying to further improve operations, contracts with J.B. Eads of St. Louis to build seven shallow-draft ironclad river gunboats. These gunboats, the USS Cairo, Carondolet, Cincinnati, Louisville, Mound City, Pittsburg, and St. Louis, will become the backbone of Grant’s Union naval force in the Western Theater beginning in February 1862./1861 
• Near Ship Island, Mississippi, the USS Massachusetts under Commander M. Smith captures the blockade runner sloop Charles Henry./1861

Freeborn captures prizes; battle looms in NE Missouri

Image via Wikipedia

Sighting a gun on USS Freeborn

• In Pohick Creek, Virginia, the USS Thomas Freeborn under Lieutenant Eastman, captures the schooner Pocahontas loaded with wood, and the sloop Mary Frey./1861
• In northeast Missouri, Colonel Martin E. Green, commanding the 2^nd Division of the secessionist Missouri State Guard (about 2000 men and 3 cannons), bivouacs seven miles west of Athens (pronounced Aythens), Missouri, in preparation for a retaliatory attack on the 1st Northeast Missouri Home Guard (333-500 men) under Col. David Moore for the Union destruction of Green’s training camp on July 21st. While Moore attempts to prepare for the attack, several of his company commanders without orders allow their men to visit their homes. In a panic, Moore calls for reinforcement from the Iowa State Militia companies in Croton and Keokuk, Iowa, but they would not cross the river in time to participate in the engagement on August 5^th. /1861

Related articles

• Firing at Aquia Creek; Salute to Major Anderson; Abandon Harpers Ferry? (civilwardailygazette.com)
• Skirmish at Fairfax; More at Aquia Creek; A Halt at Grafton (civilwardailygazette.com)
• The Situation Around Washington; Shots at Aquia; Support for Contraband (civilwardailygazette.com)
• Civil War Naval Artillery - Part One: The Ubiquitous 32-Pounder (civilwar-online.com)
• A Botched Landing; Not Martial Law; The Anti-Lincoln Press (civilwardailygazette.com)
• Newport News falls; Aquia Creek bombarded (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• A Diary of American Events - June 1, 1861 (dotcw.com)
• July 4, 1861: David Moore elected colonel of the 1st Northeast MO Home Guards (gathkinsons.net)
• August 5, 1861: Battle of Athens, MO (gathkinsons.net)
• Lincoln empowered to declare insurrection's existence (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• July 27, 1861: Missouri convention (gathkinsons.net)

US Congress invests in ironclad technology as blockade tightens

• In Washington, the US Congress authorizes Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles to appoint a three-member board to plan and construct “iron or steel-clad steamships or steam batteries” and appropriates $1.5 million dollars for the purpose./1861
• US General Nathaniel Lyon skirmishes with Missouri State Guard troops at McCulla's Store, Missouri/1861 
• In Washington, Prince Napoleon (Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte) of France, the nephew of the former French emperor and traveling in U.S. as private citizen, visits President Lincoln at noon. The Prince, arriving at the White House with Baron Mercier, found no one—neither butler nor doorman—at the main entrance to show him in, and an employee who happened to be passing by, took care of this duty. The meeting was "not so gay"; the Prince, huffed at his reception, "took a cruel pleasure in remaining silent." At 7 p.m., President Lincoln and his wife, Mary, host a state dinner for Prince Napoleon. He is seated at the right of Mrs. Lincoln and opposite General Winfield Scott, who is at the President's left. Gen. George B. McClellan is at the right of the Prince. The dinner turns out to be an unusually sociable and enjoyable affair./1861
• At Hampton Roads, Virginia, John LaMountain makes the first ascent in a balloon from Union ship Fanny to observe Confederate batteries on Sewell’s Point, Virginia—a harbinger of the twentieth century aircraft carrier./1861
• Off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina, the USS Wabash, commanded by Captain Mercer, recaptures the American schooner Mary Alice, which had been taken by Confederate ship Dixie, and also captures the blockade running brig Sarah Starr. /1861  
• At Galveston, Texas, the USS South Carolina under Commander Alden, engages Confederate batteries on the Galveston coast./1861

Related articles

• William Howard Russell's Diary: Prince Napoleon. - Mr. Brekinridge. (dotcw.com)
• A Peevish Prince, a Hairy-Handed President, a Disastrous Dinner Party (opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com)
• William Howard Russell's Diary: Reception at Mr. Seward's. - Prince Napoleon. (dotcw.com)
• August 9, 1861: Lyon maneuvers to strike Price (civilwar-online.com)
• McClellan made Army of Potomac commander (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• A Diary of American Events. - August 10, 1861 (dotcw.com)

Settlers declare Confederate Territory of Arizona

CS flag raised in Tucson, 3/28/1861

• • In Richmond, Virginia, President Jefferson Davis calls a Cabinet meeting to decide what should be done about the atrocities committed by northern generals against Southern prisoners and civilians. Cabinet unanimously says retaliation should be used only in extreme cases. Later, Davis urges General Joseph E. Johnston to take advantage of the weakness among Union forces following their defeat at Manassas. /1861
  • Meanwhile, General Robert E. Lee arrives in West Virginia to take command of Confederate forces following their defeat under General Garnett at Carrick’s Ford./1861 
• Image via WikipediaSettlers with Lt. Col. John Baylor of the 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles officially declare the Confederate Territory of Arizona following the Confederate victory at the Battle of Mesilla. It consists of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel north to the US border with Mexico, including parts of the modern states of New Mexico and Arizona. Its capital is Mesilla (now in Las Cruces, New Mexico) along the southern border. In July 1860, a constitutional convention at Tucson had established the territory, but recognition in Washington was blocked by anti-slavery Congressmen. Having seceded from the US in March 1861, the Arizona Territory now sends a petition to the Confederate States for recognition. In July 1862, the Confederate Arizona territorial government will relocate in exile to El Paso, Texas, after the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Glorieta Pass (New Mexico Campaign) and remain for the rest of the war. The territory will be represented in the Confederate Congress and Confederate troops will continue to fight under the Arizona banner until war's end./1861

Related articles

• First Battle of Mesilla, Arizona (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• West Texans capture Fort Fillmore, New Mexico (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• President Davis Mishandling Provisions?; Arizona (CSA) is Established (civilwardailygazette.com)
• Battle in New Mexico! Confederates Gather in Missouri (civilwardailygazette.com)
• A Fort About to Fall and a Bit of Mutiny (civilwardailygazette.com)
• 2nd Texas arrives at Mesilla; Wise evacuates Tyler Mountain (wbts-calendar.blogspot.com)
• The Great Bloodless War in the East; Preparing for Blood in the West (civilwardailygazette.com)